Drug Interactions of GLP-1 receptor agonists:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333746529_Pharmacologically_relevant_drug_interactions_of_Glucagon-like_peptide-1_receptor_agonists

 https://medcraveonline.com/JAPLR/JAPLR-08-00311.pdf

   §     Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists are incretin mimetics and they help to manage the blood glucose of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

   §    The members of this class include Exenatide, Liraglutide, Lixisenatide, Albiglutide, Dulaglutide and Semaglutide.

   §     They are administered subcutaneously to manage fasting and postprandial blood glucose.

   §    GLP-1 receptor agonists may interact with

Ø Acetaminophen

Ø Digoxin

Ø Warfarin

Ø Oral contraceptive pills

Ø Metformin

Ø Statins

Ø Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

Ø Griseofulvin

   §    The delay in absorption of interacting drugs could be avoided by taking 1 hour before the administration of Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists.

   §    Healthcare professionals through the screening, education, and follow up on suspected drug interactions could reduce the risk of adverse effects.

   §    The diabetic patients should always consult their physician and pharmacist before taking any new medication.

   §    The diabetic patients should bring a list of all of the drugs they are taking (or simply bring the drugs themselves), including prescription drugs, over-the-counter drugs, and any supplements, herbal or otherwise, during their visit to the doctor or pharmacist.

   §    The diabetic patients are encouraged to ask their doctor or pharmacist to look over their list for any potentially dangerous combinations.

   §    It is recommended that people fill all their prescriptions at one pharmacy, if possible.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333746529_Pharmacologically_relevant_drug_interactions_of_Glucagon-like_peptide-1_receptor_agonists

https://medcraveonline.com/JAPLR/JAPLR-08-00311.pdf

Drug Interactions of α-glucosidase inhibitors:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333641356_Pharmacologically_relevant_drug_interactions_of_a-glucosidase_inhibitors

https://medcraveonline.com/JDMDC/JDMDC-06-00178.pdf

   §    The α-glucosidase inhibitors help to decrease postprandial hyperglycemia.

   §    The members of this class include Acarbose, Miglitol and Voglibose.

   §    These drugs could be used alone or as add-on therapy to treat patients with type 2 diabetes taking other antidiabetic drugs.

   §    Acarbose may interact with

Ø Digoxin

Ø Metronidazole

   §    Healthcare professionals through the screening, education, and follow up on suspected drug interactions could reduce the risk of adverse effects.

   §    The diabetic patients should always consult their physician and pharmacist before taking any new medication.

   §    The diabetic patients should bring a list of all of the drugs they are taking (or simply bring the drugs themselves), including prescription drugs, over-the-counter drugs, and any supplements, herbal or otherwise, during their visit to the doctor or pharmacist.

   §    The diabetic patients are encouraged to ask their doctor or pharmacist to look over their list for any potentially dangerous combinations.

   §    It is recommended that people fill all their prescriptions at one pharmacy, if possible.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333641356_Pharmacologically_relevant_drug_interactions_of_a-glucosidase_inhibitors

https://medcraveonline.com/JDMDC/JDMDC-06-00178.pdf

Drug Interactions of Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 (DPP4) Inhibitors:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332765148_Drug_interactions_of_dipeptidyl_peptidase_4_inhibitors_involving_CYP_enzymes_and_P-gp_efflux_pump

https://www.wjgnet.com/2308-3840/full/v7/i4/156.htm

§    Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors are oral antidiabetic drugs approved to manage type 2 diabetes mellitus.

§    The members of this class include Sitagliptin, Vildagliptin, Saxagliptin, Linagliptin, Gemigliptin, Anagliptin, Teneligliptin and Alogliptin.

§    DPP4 inhibitors help to increase the postprandial insulin secretion and inhibit glucagon secretion through the inhibition of inactivation of Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP 1) and Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP).

§    Clinically Significant interactions of Saxagliptin include

Ø Ketoconazole

Ø Diltiazem

§    No clinically significant drug interactions have been reported with the use ofvarious DPP4 inhibitors and drugs like warfarin, digoxin or cyclosporine.

§    Healthcare professionals through the screening, education, and follow up on suspected drug interactions could reduce the risk of adverse effects.

§    The diabetic patients should always consult their physician and pharmacist before taking any new medication.

§    The diabetic patients should bring a list of all of the drugs they are taking (or simply bring the drugs themselves), including prescription drugs, over-the-counter drugs, and any supplements, herbal or otherwise, during their visit to the doctor or pharmacist.

§    The diabetic patients are encouraged to ask their doctor or pharmacist to look over their list for any potentially dangerous combinations.

§    It is recommended that people fill all their prescriptions at one pharmacy, if possible.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332765148_Drug_interactions_of_dipeptidyl_peptidase_4_inhibitors_involving_CYP_enzymes_and_P-gp_efflux_pump

https://www.wjgnet.com/2308-3840/full/v7/i4/156.htm

Drug Interactions of Amylin Analogue (Pramlintide):

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332012018_Pharmacologically_Relevant_Drug_Interactions_of_Pramlintide_Amylin_Analogue

https://biomedres.us/pdfs/BJSTR.MS.ID.002739.pdf

§    Pramlintide is an Amylin analogue and it helps to treat type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

§    Pramlintide decreases the postprandial glucose concentrations through at least three mechanisms including reduction of postprandial glucagon secretion, slowing of gastric emptying and suppression of appetite by a central mechanism.

§    No clinically significant drug interactions have been reported with the use of Pramlintide, though there are few possible interactions related to delayed absorption of oral medications.

§    Absorption Interactions

Ø Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)

Ø Oral contraceptives

Ø Antibiotics

§    Pharmaceutical Interactions

Ø Insulin

§    Healthcare professionals through the screening, education, and follow up on suspected drug interactions could reduce the risk of adverse effects.

§    The diabetic patients should always consult their physician and pharmacist before taking any new medication.

§    The diabetic patients should bring a list of all of the drugs they are taking (or simply bring the drugs themselves), including prescription drugs, over-the-counter drugs, and any supplements, herbal or otherwise, during their visit to the doctor or pharmacist.

§    They are encouraged to ask their doctor or pharmacist to look over their list for any potentially dangerous combinations.

§    It is recommended that people fill all their prescriptions at one pharmacy, if possible.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332012018_Pharmacologically_Relevant_Drug_Interactions_of_Pramlintide_Amylin_Analogue

https://biomedres.us/pdfs/BJSTR.MS.ID.002739.pdf

Smoking - Drug Interactions:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330739712_Tobacco_smoking_and_its_drug_interactions_with_comedications_involving_CYP_and_UGT_enzymes_and_nicotine

https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3192/full/v8/i2/14.htm

§    The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that over 7 million people die of tobacco related diseases, annually and it has been projected to kill 10 million users of tobacco a year, by 2030.

^§        Tobacco smoking is associated with various conditions such as cardiovascular disease [Myocardial infarction (MI)], cerebrovascular disease (Stroke), peripheral vascular disease (Claudication), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, reduced female infertility, sexual dysfunction in men, different types of cancer and many other diseases.

^§        It has been estimated that tobacco smoke may contain 7357 chemical constituents including hazardous chemicals like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), ammonia, aromatic amines, phenols, carbonyls, hydrocyanic acid, and N-nitrosamines as a complex mixture of gases and particulate matter.

§    PAHs of tobacco smoke have been associated with the induction of CYP enzymes such as CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and possibly CYP2E1 and Uridine 5’-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases [Uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucuronosyltransferases, UGTs] enzymes.

§    The drugs metabolized by CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2E1 and UGT enzymes might be affected by tobacco smoking and the smokers taking medications metabolized by those enzymes, may need higher doses due to decreased plasma concentrations through enhanced induction by PAHs of tobacco smoke.

§    Drugs interacting pharmacokinetically with Tobacco smoke, include

Ø Second-generation Antipsychotics or Atypical antipsychotics (Clozapine and Olanzapine)

Ø Antidepressants (Fluvoxamine, Duloxetine, Mirtazapine and Imipramine)

Ø Theophylline

Ø Caffeine

Ø Riociguat

Ø Erlotinib

Ø Tacrine

Ø Warfarin

Ø Propranolol

Ø  Ropinirole

Ø  Mexiletine

Ø Frovatriptan

Ø Zolmitriptan

Ø Alosetron

Ø Flutamide

Ø Melatonin

Ø Ramelteon

Ø Tasimelteon

Ø Rasagiline

Ø Tizanidine

Ø Triamterene

Ø Ropivacaine

Ø Methadone

§    Drugs interacting pharmacodynamically with Tobacco smoke, include

Ø Combined hormonal contraceptives (CHCs)

Ø Inhaled corticosteroids

Ø Benzodiazepines (BZDs)

Ø Opioids

Ø Antihypertensives

Ø Antihyperlipidemics

Ø Alcohol

§    Healthcare professionals through the screening, education, and follow up on suspected drug interactions could reduce the risk of adverse effects.

§    The smokers should always consult their physician and pharmacist before taking any new medication.

§    The smokers should bring a list of all of the drugs they are taking (or simply bring the drugs themselves), including prescription drugs, over-the-counter drugs, and any supplements, herbal or otherwise, during their visit to the doctor or pharmacist.

§    They are encouraged to ask their doctor or pharmacist to look over their list for any potentially dangerous combinations.

§    It is recommended that people fill all their prescriptions at one pharmacy, if possible.

https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3192/full/v8/i2/14.htm